Exam Questions and Correct Answers

1. How are bones involved in acid-base regulation?

• They maintain the concentration of bicarbonate and eliminate nonvolatile acids.
• They absorb excessive hydronium or hydroxyl ions to minimize pH fluctuations.
• They manage calcium and phosphate exchanges and the release of carbonate.
• They eliminate volatile acids such as carbon dioxide gas.

2. Which response is associated with respiratory alkalosis?

• Acute or chronic increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure
• Suppression of the secretion of parathyroid hormone
• Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen retention
• Prolonged increase of cardiac membrane excitability

3. What is the disorder associated with alveolar hyperventilation from hypoxemia, fever, anemia, thyrotoxicosis, early salicylate intoxication, anxiety, or panic disorder?

• Hypophosphatemia
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Hypercalcemia

4. A person gets cut by a broken glass bottle. Which response is part of adaptive immunity?

• Cytokines attach to and phagocytose infected cells.
• Specialized T cells produce cytotoxic cells to destroy any infection.
• White blood cells perform phagocytosis to destroy pathogens.
• Cells are prompted to make antimicrobial peptides.

5. A person accidentally cuts their finger when preparing a meal. What is one of the responses of the innate immune system?

• Helper T cells produce cytokines for known antigens.
• The complement system breaks pathogenic cells.
• B cells produce antibodies to fight recognized pathogens.
• Antibodies identify infected cells and fatally alter their DNA.

6. What is the chromosomal abnormality associated with Turner syndrome?

• Triploidy
• Trisomy
• Tetraploidy
• Monosomy

7. Which type of cell phagocytoses bacteria and damaged cells as part of the immune response?

• Neutrophil
• Dendritic cell
• Erythrocyte
• Skin cell

8. Which condition does the person likely have?

• Klinefelter syndrome
• Turner syndrome
• Retinoblastoma
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy

9. Why do those with Down syndrome have a reduced survival rate?

• They have an increased likelihood of congenital heart defects.
• They have an overactive immune response mechanism.
• They have difficulty in replicating DNA for cell division.
• They have a heightened risk of bilateral kidney failure.

10. During fetal development, a portion of the neural tube fails to close properly. Which disorder is associated with this condition?

• Spina bifida
• Achondroplasia
• Huntington disease
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

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